|
|
Unit |
Canine |
Feline |
Bovine |
Equine |
Porcine |
Sheep |
Dairy goat |
Ferret |
|
Calcium |
mmol/L |
2.50-3.00 |
2.22-2.78 |
2.10-2.80 |
2.75-3.35 |
1.80-2.90 |
2.43-2.91 |
1.80-2.80 |
1.85-2.42 |
|
Phosphorus |
mmol/L |
0.90-1.85 |
0.80-2.29 |
1.47-2.63 |
0.73-1.71 |
1.6-3.4 |
1.1-2.54 |
1.28-2.85 |
1.12-2.56 |
|
Magnesium |
mmol/L |
0.70-1.00 |
0.80-1.10 |
0.82-1.30 |
0.6-1.00 |
0.8-1.6 |
0.89-1.28 |
0.80-1.30 |
0.8-1.39 |
|
Sodium |
mmol/L |
140-154 |
147-157 |
132-145 |
136-144 |
140-150 |
143-153 |
137-151 |
147-159 |
|
Potassium |
mmol/L |
3.8-5.4 |
3.6-5.2 |
3.9-5.6 |
3.1-4.3 |
4.7-7.1 |
4.0-5.5 |
3.8-5.5 |
3.7-5.7 |
|
Na/K ratio |
- |
29-37 |
30-41 |
28-36 |
33-44 |
- |
- |
24-38 |
- |
|
Chloride |
mmol/L |
104-119 |
114-123 |
90-113 |
95-104 |
99-105 |
102-113 |
96-112 |
111-129 |
|
Carbon dioxide |
mmol/L |
15-25 |
14-21 |
17-26 |
25-36 |
- |
- |
- |
17-29 |
|
Anion gap |
mmol/L |
13-24 |
15-26 |
13-22 |
6-21 |
- |
- |
- |
6-23 |
|
Serum protein |
g/L |
55-74 |
60-82 |
66-86 |
58-75 |
61-81 |
65-90 |
62-85 |
51-75 |
|
Albumin |
g/L |
29-43 |
30-44 |
30-42 |
30-37 |
27-39 |
29-47 |
28-43 |
24-40 |
|
Globulins |
g/L |
21-42 |
23-42 |
30-53 |
26-41 |
34-43 |
26-52 |
27-49 |
19-41 |
|
A/G ratio |
- |
0.7-1.8 |
0.7-1.4 |
0.6-1.3 |
0.8-1.3 |
0.5-1.2 |
- |
0.6-1.3 |
0.53-1.67 |
|
Urea |
mmol/L |
3.5-9.0 |
6.0-12.0 |
3.0-8.0 |
4.2-8.9 |
3.0-8.5 |
3.4-12.0 |
4.1-13.4 |
4.5-15.3 |
|
Creatinine |
µmol/L |
20-150 |
50-190 |
34-88 |
80-130 |
90-240 |
28-100 |
21-62 |
8-67 |
|
Glucose |
mmol/L |
3.3-7.3 |
4.4-7.7 |
2.5-4.3 |
3.7-6.7 |
3.6-5.3 |
2.6-4.4 |
2.1-3.7 |
- |
|
Cholesterol |
mmol/L |
3.60-10.20 |
2.00-12.00 |
1.73-7.73 |
1.70-2.70 |
2.0-5.0 |
1.13-2.57 |
1.0-5.0 |
2.94-8.94 |
|
Total bilirubin |
µmol/L |
0-4 |
0-4 |
0-5 |
21-57 |
0-8 |
0-2 |
- |
0-7 |
|
Conj bilirubin |
µmol/L |
0-1 |
0-1 |
0-2 |
2-10 |
0-4 |
0-1 |
- |
0-5 |
|
Free bilirubin |
µmol/L |
0-3 |
0-3 |
0-3 |
18-52 |
0-4 |
0-1 |
- |
0-2 |
|
Alk phosphatase |
U/L |
22-143 |
12-60 |
25-127 |
119-329 |
0-500 |
0-247 |
0-378 |
13-237 |
|
- steroid (SAP) |
U/L |
0-84 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Gamma GT |
U/L |
0-7 |
0-6 |
11-51 |
7-54 |
10-400 |
24-79 |
25-89 |
0-40 |
|
GLDH |
U/L |
- |
- |
3-45 |
1-7 |
- |
0-25 |
0-56 |
- |
|
ALT |
U/L |
19-107 |
31-105 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
39-196 |
|
AST |
U/L |
- |
- |
44-153 |
259-595 |
- |
64-158 |
20-160 |
- |
|
CK |
U/L |
40-255 |
94-449 |
44-211 |
108-430 |
0-800 |
23-313 |
44-244 |
74-294 |
|
ßHBA |
µmol/L |
- | - |
324-1296 |
- |
- |
185-605 |
182-666 |
- |
|
NEFA |
mmol/L |
- |
- |
0.1-0.4 |
- |
- |
0-0.3 |
0-0.4 |
- |
|
Haptoglobin |
g/L |
- |
- |
0.0-0.5 |
- |
- |
0.0-0.8 |
0-0.37 |
- |
|
Amylase |
U/L |
299-947 |
482-1145 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
7-42 |
|
Lipase |
U/L |
25-353 |
12-32 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Calculated Osmolality |
mmol/L |
276-306 |
296-315 |
265-295 |
269-287 |
280-320 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Serum amyloid A |
mg/L |
- |
- |
- |
0-20 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Serum protein electrophoresis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Albumin |
g/L |
31-37 |
34-44 |
37-45 |
27-37 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Globulins |
g/L |
23-34 |
22-46 |
27-36 |
21-32 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
A/G ratio |
|
0.95-1.41 |
0.83-1.91 |
1.12-1.59 |
0.95-1.69 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Globulins: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alpha 1 |
g/L |
5-8 |
1-7 |
2-3 |
1-2 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Alpha 2 |
g/L |
5-8 |
2-11 |
2-4 |
6-8 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Beta 1 |
g/L |
5-11 |
2-10 |
3-5 |
3-8 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Beta 2 |
g/L |
3-7 |
2-8 |
5-7 |
2-9 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Gamma |
g/L |
3-18 |
6-26 |
11-18 |
5-13 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fibrinogen |
g/L |
0.8-3.0 |
0.81-2.17 |
2.08-3.45 |
1.29-2.59 |
- |
1.4-2.4 |
- |
|
|
PT |
s |
7.0-9.8 |
9.8-13.1 |
18.4-23.1 |
10.9-13.6 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
PTT |
s |
10.8-14.7 |
10.4-15.5 |
22.8-35.8 |
37.0-54.5 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Iron |
µmol/L |
23-38 |
11-27 |
14-37 |
20-45 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
TIBC |
µmol/L |
60-81 |
44-80 |
48-80 |
55-91 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
% Saturation |
% |
30-63 |
16-41 |
- |
29-59 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Triglycerides |
mmol/L |
0.2-1.3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Bile acids |
µmol/L |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
- fasting |
µmol/L |
0-6 |
0-3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
- 2 h post prand |
µmol/L |
0-20 |
0-7 |
11-60 |
0-6 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Phenobarbital |
µmol/L |
70-170 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Potassium bromide |
mmol/L |
12.5-37.5 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Thyroxine (T4) |
nmol/L |
13-50 |
13-55 |
- |
13-40 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
cTSH |
ng/mL |
0.05-0.70 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
fT4 |
pmol/L |
8-32 |
18-52 |
- |
15-23 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cortisol |
nmol/L |
30-300 |
30-390 |
30-220 |
50-180 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
ACTH |
pmol/L |
7-40 |
- |
- |
**2-10 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fructosamine |
μmol/L |
170-338 |
219-347 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Insulin |
pmol/L |
43-251 |
<300 |
- |
<300 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Details pertinent to reference interval determination can be provided by the AHL Clinical Pathology Technical Supervisor.
*In dogs, therapeutic bromide concentrations are generally agreed to be 12.50- 37.5 mmol/L. Lower concentrations maybe effective for dogs on concurrent phenobarbital therapy and higher concentrations for dogs on bromide alone. (Plumb’s Veterinary Handbook, 5th ed.)
**Please see Equine endocrine testing section for guidance related to the circannual increase in equine endogenous ACTH concentrations.
Biochemistry reference intervals (RIs), cobas 6000 c501
Canine: n = 86, clinically healthy, fasted adult dogs of various.
Feline: n = 40, clinically healthy, fasted adult cats of various breeds.
Bovine: n = 60, clinically healthy cows, 50% first lactation, all 30-150 d in milk, from 10 Ontario dairy farms.
Bovine metabolic profiles: See AHL LabNote 4, Nutritional and metabolic profile testing of dairy cows, updated March 2015.
Equine: n = 102, clinically healthy, mature horses of various breeds. Serum amyloid A reference intervals were determined from 50 clinically healthy horses from 25 farms. Serum iron determined from 49 clinically healthy horses.
Porcine: n = 40, clinically healthy, mature sows.
Ovine: n = 47, clinically healthy sheep, various ages.
Caprine: n = 37, clinically healthy dairy goats representing Alpine, Toggenberg, Saanen, and Nubian breeds.
Ferrets: n = 69, clinically healthy ferrets, various ages.
Coagulation
Canine: n = 22, feline n = 51, equine n = 52, bovine n = 28 clinically healthy adult animals of various breeds.
ACTH
Equine: n = 44, clinically healthy adult horses of various breeds, results compared to those of Michigan State University and Cornell University diagnostic laboratories, using the same methodology.
Equine: n = 23, clinically healthy horses, >15 years of age, sampled monthly to establish timing and magnitude of circannual endogenous ACTH concentration changes.
Canine: n = 11, clinically healthy adult dogs of various breeds, results compared to those of Michigan State University and Cornell University diagnostic laboratories, using the same methodology.
Free T4
fT4 by equilibrium dialysis, reference intervals data generated at the AHL, canine reference interval determined in consultation with the OFA.
Insulin
Equine: n = 39, clinically healthy fasted (no grain) adult horses of various breeds, results compared to those of Michigan State University and Cornell University diagnostic laboratories, using the same methodology.
Canine: n = 33, fasted samples from clinically healthy adult dogs of various breeds, results compared to those of Michigan State University and Cornell University diagnostic laboratories, using the same methodology.
Feline: n = 42, fasted samples from clinically healthy adult cats of various breeds, results compared to those of Michigan State University and Cornell University diagnostic laboratories, using the same methodology.
Potassium Bromide
In dogs, therapeutic concentrations are generally agreed to be 12.5-37.5 mmol/L. Lower concentrations may be effective for dogs on concurrent phenobarbital therapy and higher concentrations for dogs on bromide alone. (Plumb’s Veterinary Drug Handbook, 8th edition).
Protein electrophoresis
Canine n = 13, feline n = 32, equine n = 15, clinically healthy adult animals; bovine n = 28, mid-lactation Holstein cows